Chapter 2: The Commons: From Tragedy to Triumph
The chapter starts by outlining Garret Hardin’s tragedy of the commons argument. In short, my understanding of the argument is that due to the inherent selfishness of individuals the commons are doomed to overuse — unless they are turned into private property, or turned over to the state, and unless the users of a resource are regulated through coercion. Hardin’s paper is more generally about population limits and his views appear quite bluntly Malthusian.
Having seen functioning commons, Ostrom disagreed with Hardin’s analysis. She studied commons that worked (and also those that didn’t), and captured her analysis of what made a commons sustainable in her work “Governing the Commons.”
Up to this point I had it in mind that Ostrom’s work would debunk completely all of Hardin’s arguments. But I think it’s a bit more subtle than that. My initial thoughts were of disappointment – the 8 design rules that Ostrom observed in sustainable commons didn’t feel that radical. The mention of boundaries, monitoring, policing, sanctions, fines (paid to those policing!), and a judiciary were not what I was expecting. Having come across ideas recently around the end of policing, both in fiction like The Dispossessed, or non-fiction like, well, The End of Policing, it wasn’t as radical as I was perhaps naively hoping for.
“Boundaries and effective rules will only work if they are policed in some way. Norms of good behaviour, while useful, are unlikely to be sufficient in protecting a commons on their own.”
“Clearly, some kind of punishment or sanction is necessary as it is unlikely that good will on its own will prevent abuse of the commons.”
These sentences felt like they could come out of Hardin’s article.
It feels like tacit acknowledgement of the commons ‘tragedy’ and a need for coercion, just whereas Hardin advocated it through private property or state ownership here it simply moves to the local level. Am I missing something? Does direct local participation make policing less coercive, more benevolent?
It seems like the debate (as I’ve seen it) has been somewhat polarised and Hardin is an easy straw man against tragedy because of his neo-Malthusian tendency. But that in fact the possibility of overuse does need to be addressed, and his being a crank doesn’t obviate that. Ostrom provides a gentler, more local way to tackle it. Which is great, but think I was somewhat naively hoping that Ostrom’s observations would show that people are naturally awesome and altruistically cooperative.
As suggested by Erik (@eloquence): “Even with a strong culture of sharing you’ll have internal outliers and new community members not brought up in the culture. But I don’t think that fact alone is enough to speak of a “tragedy”.”
I think this is a good point. The reality of overuse doesn’t mean the inevitability of tragedy.
Aaron (@aaron) makes the point, in reference to Governing the Commons, that: “what really makes the book Great is that it’s empirical, and draws conclusions from real examples, rather than theories like “people are cooperators” or “people are selfish.”
Michel (@Antanicus) noted an interesting side to the fact that Ostrom’s rules are not particularly leftist: “it means there’s actually room for a broad discourse around the commons as a new mode of production”.
In addition, I think there’s subtle distintions to be made in policing, justice, and power that I need to learn more about.
- The difference between security forces of the state and security forces of the polis
- The difference between punitive justice and restorative justice/transformative justice
- The difference between “abolishing power” and organizing it in a different way.
https://www.reddit.com/r/Anarchism/comments/43bco0/police_in_rojava/czhz3xv/
Also, as an aside, Erik also looked at it from the tech perspective: “For information commons overuse is usually desirable, but they need their own codes of conduct to thrive, so perhaps some concepts from Ostrom’s work are transferable.”
The rules for sustainable commons, as summarised by Wall are:
- clearly defined boundaries
- fit local circumstances
- direct participation in rulemaking
- effective monitoring and policing
- sanctions
- low-cost conflict resolution (an agreed judicial body)
- recognition of rights to organise
- commons work within wider systems
(Governing the Commons would be the place to go for more detail.)
@neil @douginamug > rule monitoring and sanctioning of rule-breakingIt’s stewarding aka lawgiving and sanctions that makes a commons – some bunch of resources isn’t a commons unless it’s brought under stewardship. Until then, it’s an unregulated common pool. I think this falls out more obviously under Boller&Helfrich framing of commoning.- Curating/contributing- Enjoying/mobilising- Stewarding/sanctioningappear as three ‘fields’ in their pattern language of commoning @ FreeFair&Alive
@neil @douginamug A Commons Court – elders, ‘Thing’, tradition-holders, Granny-activists, whatever, reaching way back – is a basic institution of a commons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing_%28assembly%29What’s hard, in times of historical churn, is reaching way forward, with a well-founded sense of what lies way beneath? In dhamma tradition, it’s called equanimity. Not a lot of it about?
Thing (assembly) – Wikipedia
@neil Oh nice chapter review! I didn’t read Rules for Radicals – can you recommend it?I read GtC at least twice now… it’s a reference book for me, inspiring the constitution I wrote for the ‘common house’ I still reside in more than 3 years later https://kanthaus.online/en/governance/constitutionHave your thoughts about the non-sexy-side of collectiveness changed since your piece?
Constitution | Kanthaus
@mike_hales @neil thanks for the reference. Can you recommend the book?I do like these re-interpretations, the Rules for Radicals one, and the Free, Fair and Alive one, but I do worry that people don’t see the original set, the set based on a massive meta-study of ’empirical’ evidence.Tja, perhaps not to worry. Most important is examples, working, here and now, that others can copy. Action > Words, and all that ;p
@mike_hales @neil interesting, I was reading about such councils in a book about the history of collective decision making.Even having such councils in purely advisory roles would be powerful: groups not forced to take outcomes, but they would be influenced any way.Something I notice in ‘younger activists’ is that they ‘don’t know their history’, and see their movement disconnected from the precedents. They don’t ask older activists, and older ones don’t seem to offer.
@mike_hales We have the guidance of Roshi Elinor Ostrom to carry us forward. @neil @douginamug
@douginamug I do very much recommend the book FreeFair&Alive. It’s not a ‘reinterpretation’ but is founded on Bollier & Helfrich’s own metastudies, across a decade or so.https://www.levellerspress.com/?s=wealth+of+the+commonsFree downloads atPatterns of commoninghttp://patternsofcommoning.org/The wealth of the commonshttp://wealthofthecommons.org/I love FFA bcos it’s about common-ING – the production of ‘new commons’. So much needed. Even ‘old’ commons must be made anew in a shifted world? Enclosure encroaches everywhere.@neil
You searched for wealth of the commons – Levellers Press
@douginamug Not a reinterpretation – but a shifted orientation, yes. Subtitle of FFA is “the insurgent power of the commons”. Ostrom is certainly not insurgent! Somewhat propertarian in her basic framing, akin to ‘Austrian’ economics (Hayek etc). Whereas FFA is counter-enclosure, counter-extractivism, post-propertarian. Hence common-ING as its pivot, the radical, situated practice, rather than commonS, the co-optable, abstract, political-economic form.@neil
@douginamug Yeah, for sure. I recognised upon reading/discussion that I was being naive to assume everything will magically just work / everyone will get along. Words such as monitoring, policing, sanctions, judiciary, etc, still rankle though. They are very loaded terms, but perhaps it is just how one interprets them. Stewarding sounds nicer – though I don’t know if it is just hiding the truth. I must read Governing the Commons, to get the full picture!
@douginamug From memory I recall enjoying Rules for Radicals, but I think much of that enjoyment was learning about Ostrom/commons/etc. Wall does add his own spin too, from an ecosocialist perspective, so that’s interesting.I think if you’re already up to speed on the topics, it wouldn’t bring as much. And I seem to remember it was a bit sloppily written/edited in places.That said, I’d probably read it again if I had the time, to see what I’d get from it now.
@mike_hales @douginamug I’m currently reading Free, Fair and Alive and absolutely loving it.Partly for me as it’s drawing threads between topics of great interest to me – commons, complexity science, commons-public partnerships, digital commons, it’s even ticked my wiki box.I haven’t read GtC so can’t draw a comparison. But I think Mike has put it fantastically there, that’s certainly a framing I’ll keep in mind as I read further.
@neil @douginamug Great read! Thanks for writing it and for sharing it here.
Doug Webb (@douginamug@mastodon.xyz)